Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2 Medical Education and Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
3 Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
4 MSc. Student in Psychiatric Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Abstract
Keywords
Main Subjects
Introduction
Social phobia is one of the most common debilitating psychiatric disorders (1). Characterized by the fear of being judged negatively and the tendency to avoid social situations, social phobia can undermine the person’s social relationships and occupational and educational performances (2). The World Mental Health Survey Initiative has estimated the lifetime prevalence of social phobia at 4%, which reflects the importance of clinical and public health implications of this disorder (1).
People with social phobia do not lack social skills; however, they suffer from an anxiety that prevents them from proper use of skills in social interactions. In other words, they do not suffer from skill impairment but their problem is with performance impairment (3). As a result, people with social phobia often have lower job performances and more difficulties in finding employment than healthy individuals (4). Social phobia can severely undermine the performance of healthcare providers, as their relationship with patients is deeply important for both emotional aspect (empathy, respect, and acceptance) and information aspect (educating patients, sharing medical information, and managing patient expectation) of health care services (5). This relationship is also important for improving clinical competencies and positive interactions between patients and nurses in different care systems (6).
Research has shown that communication skills can improve and even predict social self-efficacy (7). Teaching these skills to students during formal education can improve their attitude toward their responsibilities and reduce their anxiety about patient care (8). It has been suggested that education with a special focus on improving communication skills can contribute to the treatment of social phobia disorders (9-11). In an educational setting, the quality of relations and interactions with learners depends on four major factors: the design of the teaching method, the quality of the educational content, the relevance of the content, and the quality of teaching. Thus, given the advancements in educational technology, educators should be able to use different methods of face-to-face and distance education to accomplish their objectives (12). One of the standard mediums of face-to-face training is the workshop where a group of experienced experts help a group of participants to find solutions for particular professional problems or enhance their professional skills (13). Workshop programs must be designed and implemented as participants get involved in the problem-solving processes, while the instructors only assist them in understanding and solving problems without giving them the answers directly. Typically, two-thirds of the time of a workshop is dedicated to group discussion and small group work. The limitations and problems of the workshop method include the need for special facilities, relative expensiveness, scheduling difficulties, and the fact that they take a lot of time from participants and organizers (14). Also, since people with social phobia have difficulty to speak in public, they may not get actively involved in group discussions (15). To address these limitations, virtual training methods have been designed to provide compact courses through software applications and information technology-based training techniques (16). The advantages of virtual training include lower cost, possibility to implement it at any time and place, and the fact that they allow learners not to commute to classes, have a more flexible study schedule and choose the pace of learning according to their needs (17). However, this method also has several major disadvantages, including the absence of an active instructor and the possibility of poor delivery of contents to learners which has limited its usage (18). Studies in this area have reached contradictory conclusions. For example, a study by Chien et al. (2015) has reported that both video-based and workshop-based training methods were effective in improving laceration repair performance in medical students (19). Similarly, Rasouli et al. (2013) have reported the positive effect of both workshop training and empowerment training package on improving self-efficacy in diabetic patients (20). But a study by Vaghei et al. (2015) has reported the greater impact of anger management workshop than training package on the aggression of addiction treatment patients (21).
Considering the importance of addressing social phobia in medical students to avoid negative effects on social interactions and communication with patients and visitors, and the difficulties that these students face in social situations, every solution to this problem should be tailored to their condition. Therefore, given the existence of contradicting reports on the effects of virtual and face-to-face training and the lack of such reports about Iranian medical students, this study was performed to compare the effects of communication-skill training delivered in workshops, also by virtual methods on social phobia in the students of Mashhad School of Nursing and Midwifery.
Methods
A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 30 undergraduate nursing students of Mashhad School of Nursing and Midwifery in the academic year 2015-2016. The sample size was determined based on the data collected in a pilot study using the formula for comparing the mean and standard deviation of two groups. Based on the mean and standard deviation of total social phobia score in the workshop group (17.2±12.2) and the virtual training group (33.6±11.1) (22), the sample size for 95% confidence level and 90% test power was calculated to 11 per group. To account for sample loss, the final sample size was set to 30 (15 per group). Subjects were selected randomly based on the order of signing up in the communication-skill training class. The participants of each gender were alternatively assigned to the workshop and virtual training groups.
Inclusion criteria were being an undergraduate nursing student at Mashhad School of Nursing and Midwifery, with no history of participation in communication-skill training courses, having a minimum score of 30 from the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) (Connor), with skills of basic internet and computer proficiency, and access to internet and computer during the training period. Exclusion criteria were absence in each of the two stages of the workshop, failure to follow the virtual training process more than once, and unwillingness to continue participating in the study. The data collection tool was the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) introduced by Connor et al. (22), which was completed at three stages: before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and one month after the intervention. This inventory consists of 17 items which are scored based on the five-point Likert scale from 0 to 4 (Extremely, Very Much, Somewhat, A Little Bit, and Not At All). This scale has three subscales: fear, avoidance, and physiological symptoms. The cut-off score for this test is 19. Scores of less than 19 are normal, those ranging from 19 to 30 indicate mild social phobia, scores between 31 and 40 signify moderate social phobia, scores between 41 and 50 signify intense social phobia, and scores above 51 indicate very intense social phobia.
To assess the validity of the translated version of SPIN, it was reviewed by ten faculty members of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, who confirmed its validity with CVI = 0.89 and CVR = 0.96. The reliability of this tool was evaluated using the internal consistency methods, which resulted in α = 0.83 for fear, α = 0.79 for avoidance, and α = 0.89 for physiological symptoms subscales and α = 0.87 for the tool as a whole.
Sampling was performed from among 884 students of Mashhad School of Nursing and Midwifery in the academic year 2015-2016 according to inclusion criteria. Among the eligible students, 60 of those who scored more than 60 in SPIN were invited to enroll in communication-skill training courses. Written consent was obtained at the time of enrollment. Of all the invited students, 48 enrolled in the course 18 of whom withdrew from the study since they were long commuters. The remaining 30 students were alternatively assigned to two groups of workshop training and virtual training based on the order of signing up in the course. This alternating assignment was performed separately for each gender so as to have an equal number of males and females in the two groups. In the workshop group, training was provided in two five-hour workshop sessions (8am-1pm) held with a one-day interval. These sessions included lectures, group discussion, and role-playing with the subject of communications skills and were held by the researchers, a psychiatric nurse, and a doctor of educational administration (Table 1).
Table 1. Communication skills training
Method |
Instructors |
Duration |
Contents |
|
Group discussion, lecture, role-playing and teamwork |
Two experts on psychiatric nursing (M.Sc.) and one expert on health education(M.Sc.) |
70 minutes |
Communication: definition of communication skills, the importance of communication skills, goals of communication, types of communication, effective and ineffective communication |
Session 1
|
70 minutes |
Verbal and nonverbal communication: stages of verbal communication and its barriers, nonverbal communication, differences between verbal and nonverbal communication |
|||
50 minutes |
Active listening: Observation skills, speaking skills, and tips for active listening |
|||
50 minutes |
Empathy: Empathy skills, obstacles to empathy, differences between empathy and sympathy |
|||
120 minutes |
Presentation of the results of exercises to other participants, followed by a discussion on exercises |
Session 2
|
||
60 minutes |
Communication styles: styles of communication including aggressive, passive, passive-aggressive, decisive |
|||
60 minutes |
Barriers to effective communication: judging, threatening, labeling, ignoring other party’s feelings |
At the end of the first session, students were given exercises and asked to present the results to the other participants in the next session. In the virtual training group, training was provided through the distance education system of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The contents of this training were the videos recorded from the workshops, which were organized into a 6-part film. After a briefing session to introduce the students to the virtual education system, these videos were uploaded to the system in two days with a one-day interval. Students were asked to watch the videos and perform the requested exercises during the interval and send them to the researchers by email.
At all stages of the study, researchers were careful to meet all research ethics requirements set forth by the research department of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. This included obtaining an official permission from the university ethics committee, obtaining introduction letters from the faculty of nursing and midwifery, obtaining a written informed consent from participants, coding questionnaires to protect the confidentiality of personal information, and ensuring participants that they can withdraw from the study at any time.
Data analysis was performed by the software SPSS v.16. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to investigate the normality of data distribution. Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and independent t-test were used to evaluate the homogeneity of qualitative and quantitative variables. The inter-group and intra-group comparisons were performed using the independent t-test and the repeated measures ANOVA at the 95% confidence level and the significance level of α = 0.05 respectively.
Results
There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic information (p>0.05) and the two groups were homogeneous in this respect. In the workshop group, the demographic categories with the largest frequencies were female (12 people, 80%), single (11 people, 73.3%), living in urban areas (14 people, 92.9%), and unemployed (13 people, 85.7%). The mean age of students in this group was 21.1±3.0 years (Table 2).
Table 2. Demographic characteristics of the participants in the workshop and virtual training groups
Variables |
Workshop |
Virtual training |
Test result |
|
Frequency (Percentage) |
Frequency (Percentage) |
|||
Gender |
Male |
3 (20) |
2 (13.3) |
0.62 =*P |
Female |
12 (80) |
13 (86.7) |
||
Marital status |
Married |
4 (26.7) |
3 (20) |
0.67 =*P |
Single |
11 (73.3) |
12 (80) |
||
Place of residence |
Urban |
14 (92.9) |
13 (86.7) |
0.58 =*P |
Rural |
1 (7.1) |
2 (13.3) |
||
Employed |
Yes |
2 (14.3) |
4 (26.7) |
0.41 =*P |
No |
13 (85.7) |
11 (73.3) |
||
Age |
Mean ± SD |
Mean ± SD |
0.76 =**P |
|
21.1±3.0 |
20.8±1.5 |
*Chi-square test
**Independent t-test
In the virtual training group, the demographic categories with the largest frequencies were female (12 people, 86.7%), single (12 people, 80%), living in urban areas (13 people, 86.7%), and unemployed (11 people, 73.3%). The mean age of students in the virtual training group was 20.8±1.5 years.
The inter-group comparisons using the independent t-test showed no significant difference between the workshop and virtual training groups in terms the mean score of social phobia before the intervention (p = 0.96), immediately after the intervention, or one month later (p >0.05) (Table 3).
In intra-group comparisons, the repeated measures ANOVA showed that in both groups the mean score of social phobia decreased significantly after the intervention and also one month after (P<0.001) (Table 3).
Table 3. Comparison of the scores of social phobia and its dimensions in the workshop and virtual training groups
Variables |
Before intervention |
Immediately after intervention |
One month after intervention |
Results of the repeated measures ANOVA |
|
Mean ± SD |
Mean ± SD |
Mean ± SD |
|||
“Fear” dimension of social phobia
|
Workshop |
11.1±3.3 |
9.1±3.3 |
8.7±2.7 |
f=20.30 P<0.001 |
Virtual training |
11.5±1.6 |
7.9±2.5 |
8.2±1.8 |
f=6.27 P<0.001 |
|
Results of the independent t-test |
t=0.49 p=0.63 |
t=1.14 p=0.27 |
t=0.55 p=0.59 |
|
|
“Avoidance” dimension of social phobia
|
Workshop |
13.7±3.4 |
11.3±3.1 |
10.9±3.4 |
f=22.7 P<0.001 |
Virtual training |
13.8±2.2 |
9.8±1.9 |
9.8±1.9 |
f=10.5 P<0.001 |
|
Results of the independent t-test |
t=0.13 p=0.19 |
t=1.63 p=0.11 |
t=1.07 p=0.29 |
|
|
“Physiological symptoms”dimension of social phobia
|
Workshop |
8.0±2.9 |
7.2±2.6 |
6.2±2.8 |
f=13.6 P=0.002 |
Virtual training |
8.1±2.9 |
6.0±3.2 |
5.7±2.8 |
f=18.9 P<0.001 |
|
Results of the independent t-test |
t=0.06 p=0.95 |
t=1.12 p=0.27 |
t=0.46 p=0.65 |
|
|
Social phobia (the overall scale) |
Workshop |
33.5±8.5 |
27.6±8.6 |
25.7±8.4 |
f=45.2 P<0.001 |
Virtual training |
33.4±4.4 |
23.8±5.6 |
23.7±4.9 |
f=167.3 P<0.001 |
|
Results of the independent t-test |
t=0.05 p=0.96 |
t=1.43 p=0.16 |
t=0.80 p=0.43 |
|
Discussion
This study found no significant difference between the students in the groups that received communication-skill training through a workshop and those that received this training via a virtual system in terms of decrease in the mean score of social phobia or its subscales (fear, avoidance, and physiological symptoms). In other words, both methods of communication-skill training were managed to reduce social phobia and its dimensions in the participating students. This is consistent with the results of Rasouli et al. (2013), which reported the positive effect of both a workshop and an empowerment training package (provided in the form of multimedia CDs) on self-efficacy in diabetic patients (20), and also with the results of Chien et al. (2015), which reported that video-based and workshop-based laceration repair trainings both improved the laceration repair performance of medical students (19). The results of the study conducted by Saleh Moghaddam et al. (2013), which showed the positive effect of virtual training (multimedia CDs designed with Camtasia about nutrition) on adherence to treatment in type-2 diabetic patients (23), also confirm our results.
The present study found that communication-skill workshops and virtual communication-skill training were effective in reducing social phobia and its dimensions. The students’ behavioral inclination toward virtual training and their acceptance of this issue can be affected not only by the intrinsic and psychological causes of the fear of communication, computer self-efficacy, and motivation, but also by external factors such as social influences, and quality, perceived benefits, and perceived ease of use of the system which may have affected the results.
Our results were inconsistent with the findings of Vaghei et al. (2015) which reported that the anger management workshop was more effective in reducing the aggression of addiction treatment patients than a training package (21). This difference can be attributed to the difference between the studied populations and the format of the training package (Booklet and CD). In a study by Khakbazan et al. (2008) a training package was found to be more effective than lectures on girls’ awareness of puberty health (24). Our results, however, do not support this notion that distance education has a greater effect than face-to-face education. This discrepancy can be attributed to differences between the two studies in terms of educational content, target group, and how the educational method is implemented.
The present study sought to answer the question of considering the unique conditions of people with social phobia, which methods of communication skills training (workshop or virtual) would have a more positive impact on the social phobia of nursing and midwifery students, so that the results can be applied to the programs to be planned for these students. Since the results may have been affected by the study’s limitations, namely the narrow age range of participants (18-22 years) and the low sample size, they may not be generalizable to other age groups.
The results showed that virtual communication-skill training and communication-skill workshop can both decrease the level of social phobia in students of Mashhad School of Nursing and Midwifery. The results of this study can be used in the planning of communication-skill training programs based on face-to-face methods, distance methods, and combinations of both to reduce the social phobia in university students. Future studies are recommended to repeat the investigation of this study in other age groups with larger sample size.
Ethical considerations
Ethical issues (Including plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication and/or submission, redundancy, etc.) have been completely observed by the authors.
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences for funding this research, the personnel and professors of Mashhad Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery for their support and assistance, and all of the participants for their cooperation.
Financial Support:
This article is derived from the research proposal No.930430 registered on 01/01/2014 at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences with the clinical trial code IRCT20151126025250N3.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.