Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
2 Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
3 Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
4 Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
5 PhD Student of Higher Education Management, Allameh Tabatabei University, Tehran, Iran
6 Social determinants of health research center , Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
7 Education Development Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
8 Department of Curriculum Development, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Keywords
Main Subjects
Introduction
The higher education system is one of the vast systems in the society that determine the destiny of society in the long term (1). Universities and higher education systems play a crucial role in training experts and the highlight of the status of educational centers (2). Therefore, higher education refers to education in universities and educational institutes in order to obtain a certificate and train the learners. Higher education is a dynamic process and different factors should be considered in order to achieve the goals (3).Higher education system of Iran has encountered different problems and challenges in the recent years, including expand of number of universities and different educational institutes, the number of students, and to some extend the high number of unemployed graduates (4).
These challenges forces the universities to review their structure, purposes and process. Since universities are the most important educational centers, it is expected to review their status and assess it in accordance with desirable situation and take the necessary steps to improve their weaknesses (4). The curriculum and course content are the key elements of the educational system that are the fundamental steps to establish a field of study at university. Thecurriculum is to some extent similar to designing a building (5). The curriculum and the mentioned theories of higher education are influential factors in the realization of educational purposes (6). The curriculum is like a map or plan that supervises the most important educational event which is learning or the reconstruction of experiences (7).
In fact, the curriculum plays a crucial and determining role in the success or failure of the educational centers. Therefore, the curriculum present the rate of improvement and accountability of higher education to the changing needs of the society (8). Being influential, the content of the courses should be in accordance with the purposes and the duties (9). Consequently, the most important step in educational planning is to determine the educational needs and categorize them in accordance with the priorities so that we have a practical curriculum based on reality which is influential in solving the problems (10). Educational needs refers to the needs that can be addressed through education and are categorized into three areas, including knowledge, attitude, and performance (11).
Nowadays, one of the main concerns of the educational system is that the purposes of the educational program are not realized (10). Improving the coherence of educational programs, they should be assessed periodically and make changes if necessary. One of the determining resources in the curriculum is the learners. The content of the curriculum should be in accordance with their needs (12); since there is a cause and effect relationship between the learning quality and future human capital (13).
Radiation technology is one of the medical sciences fields of study that plays crucial role in the diagnosis of diseases. The base of the study is X-ray. Many of the patients require x-ray imaging in or to diagnose their diseases (14). The image of radiography presents anatomy information that should be interpreted by the physician to diagnose the disease and make treatment (15).
On the condition that the radiographic image quality is not ideal, radiation should be repeated and the patient should be exposed to radiation again that might the rate of genetic and carcinogenic abnormalities caused by radiation in the society (16). Therefore, if the experts of this field do not have the required skills in radiation imaging, not only the patients will have excessive exposure but also the diseases might not be diagnosed properly. Shir Jang and his colleagues (17) proved that is a moderate correlation between the curriculum content of public health field of study and job needs of the graduates.
Since the course content have direct impact on the improvement of the students to become skilled workers, and also, no study has been conducted on the radiation technology and its impact on the experts, therefore, a study should be conducted in order to determine the course content adaptation with job requirements of the graduates. So, the present study aimed to investigate the level of adaptation of course content of radiation technology major and job requirements.
Method: this is a descriptive, analytical study, conducted in 2015, in order to determine the level of adaptation, of course content of the radiation technology field of study with job requirements at Birjand University of Medical Sciences. The study population are the graduates of associate degree and bachelor working in Birjand. Therefore, this research was conducted by population census and the study population were 59 people. A questionnaire used in a similar study was used in this study. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated based on internal consistency and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which was more than 0.7 (17).
The questionnaire had two parts; the first part included demographic information of the participants, including gender, age, degree, work experience of radiographers of associate degree and bachelor. The second part included questions about the level of application of the content of the base and specialized courses based on three scales: low, medium, high. Furthermore, there were some descriptive questions about removing or adding some lessons, the strengths and weaknesses of the curriculum. To conduct the study, we coordinated with the radiology wards of the hospitals of Birjand. In addition, it should be noted that the participants consented to participate in the study. The questionnaires were distributed among the radiographers with associate degree and bachelor degree and were collected after completion. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16, using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage) and independent t-test.
RESULTS
Among the total 59 questionnaires, 35 participants had a bachelor degree (59.3%) and 24 of them had an associate degree (40.7%). The study population frequency distribution based on gender was 33 males (33.9%) and 26 females (44.1%). The average age was 33.21±7.21 and the mean of work experience was 10.21±7.07.in accordance with the type of employment, the frequency distribution was as follows: 9 people hadcontractual contract (15.2%), 14 people had conventional contract, 30 people had a formal contract (50.8%) and six of them had corporate contract (10.3%).
|
Table 1. frequency distribution from the perspective of graduates of associate degree about the adaptation of basic courses with job requirements |
||||
|
Associate degree |
Basic courses |
Application of course content |
||
|
high |
medium |
low |
||
|
Anatomy of the bones and joints 1 |
21(87.5) |
2(8.3) |
1(4.2) |
|
|
Anatomy of the bones and joints 2 |
24(87.5) |
2(8.3) |
1(4.2) |
|
|
Human physiology |
11(45.9) |
8(33.3) |
5(20.8) |
|
|
General Physics |
4(16.7) |
5(20.8) |
15(62.5) |
|
|
general Hygiene |
10(41.7) |
7(29.2) |
7(29.2) |
|
|
First aid and patient care |
14(58.3) |
7(29.2) |
3(12.5) |
|
The results of table 1 demonstrated that the content of anatomy, bones and joints courses 1 and 2 had the highest adaptation with job requirements (87.5%) and the general physics course had the least adaptation (17.7%) from the perspective of graduates of associate degree.
The results of table 2 presented that the content of anatomy 3 (skull – brain - nerves) course had the highest adaptation (82.9%) with job requirements and the content of statistics course had the least adaptation (13.3%) from the perspective of graduates of bachelor degree.
The results of table three showed that the content of radiographic methods 1 and 2 had the highest adaptation (100%) and the content of hospital internship 1 had the least (4.2%) from the perspective of graduates of associate degree.
The results of table 4 demonstrated that the content of radiographic method 2 and 3 had the highest adaptation (97.1%) and the content of ultrasound imaging in medicine course had the least adaptation (20%) with the job requirements from the perspective of graduates of bachelor degree.
The results of table 5 presented that there is no significant difference in the mean of basic courses in accordance with the perspective of graduates of bachelor’s degree and associate degree. However, there was a significant difference between the perspectives of the groups about the main courses based on job requirements (P<0.05).
DISCUSSION
The findings showed that the content of anatomy, bones and joints courses 1 and 2 had the highest adaptation with job requirements (87.5%) and the general physics course had the least adaptation (17.7%) from the perspective of graduates of associate degree. Accordingly, it could be concluded that the general physic is not presented with appropriate materials in radiology major and is mostly the repetition of materials provided during high school. It is suggested to change the content of the course in accordance with radiation physics and CT scan physics, and etc. in order to make it more practical for the radiographers. From the perspective of graduates of bachelor degree,the content of anatomy 3 (skull – brain - nerves) course had the highest adaptation (82.9%) with job requirements and the content of statistics course had the least adaptation (13.3%).
|
Table 2. frequency distribution from the perspective of graduates of bachelor degree about the adaptation of basic courses with job requirements |
||||
|
B.S. |
Basic Courses |
Application of course content |
||
|
high |
medium |
low |
||
|
Anatomy 1(Upper limb - spine - lower limbs) |
27(77.1) |
8(22.9) |
0 |
|
|
Anatomy 2 (thoraces - trunk - pelvis) |
28(80) |
6(17.1) |
1(2.9) |
|
|
Anatomy 3 (skull – brain - nerves) |
29(82.9) |
6(17.1) |
0 |
|
|
Physiology |
5(14.3) |
19(54.3) |
11(31.4) |
|
|
General Physics |
6(17.1) |
10(28.6) |
19(54.3) |
|
|
Cell biology |
5(14.3) |
9(25.7) |
21(60) |
|
|
General mathematics |
5(14.3) |
5(14.3) |
25(71.4) |
|
|
General Pathology |
12(34.3) |
15(42.9) |
8(22.8) |
|
|
Introduction to Modern Information Technology (PC) |
12(34.3) |
16(43.8) |
7(20) |
|
|
Computer application in medical imaging |
15(42.9) |
12(34.3) |
8(22.9) |
|
|
Caring of patient in the medical imaging ward |
19(54.3) |
14(40) |
2(5.7) |
|
|
statistics |
5(13.3) |
6(17.1) |
24(68.6) |
|
|
Pathology |
18(51.4) |
12(34.3) |
5(14.3) |
|
|
Seminar 1 |
6(17.7) |
12(34.3) |
17(48.6) |
|
|
Seminar 2 |
6(17.3) |
12(34.3) |
17(48.6) |
|
|
general Hygiene |
6(17.1) |
16(45.7) |
13(37.1) |
|
|
Professional Ethics |
13(37.1) |
11(31.4) |
11(31.4) |
|
|
Table 3. frequency distribution from the perspective of graduates of associate degree about the adaptation of specialized courses with job requirements |
||||
|
Associate degree |
Specialized courses |
Application of course content |
||
|
high |
medium |
low |
||
|
Medical terms in radiology |
17(70.8) |
6(25) |
1(4.2) |
|
|
Physics Beams |
9(37.5) |
12(50) |
3(12.5) |
|
|
Diagnostic radiology physics |
13(54.2) |
8(33.3) |
3(12.5) |
|
|
Radio biology and protection against ionizing radiation |
18(75) |
4(16.7) |
2(8.3) |
|
|
Radiographic Methods 1 |
24(100) |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Radiographic Methods 2 |
24(100) |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Radiographic Methods 3 |
23(95.8) |
0 |
1(4.2) |
|
|
Contrastive material in radiography |
19(79.2) |
5(20.8) |
0 |
|
|
Principles of darkroom |
13(54.2) |
10(41.7) |
1(4.2) |
|
|
Principles of preliminary maintenance of radiation devices |
7(29.2) |
13(54.2) |
4(16.7) |
|
|
Technical evaluation of radiography films |
14(58.3) |
8(33.3) |
2(8.3) |
|
|
Hospital Internship 1 |
1(4.2) |
22(91.7) |
1(4.2) |
|
|
Hospital Internship 2 |
23(95.8) |
1(4.2) |
0 |
|
|
Internship in the fieldwork |
22(91.7) |
2(8.3) |
0 |
|
In addition, the results of table three showed that the content of radiographic methods 1 and 2 had the highest adaptation (100%) and the content of hospital internship 1 had the least (4.2%) from the perspective of graduates of associate degree.The results of table 4 demonstrated that the content of radiographic method 2 and 3 had the highest adaptation (97.1%) and the content of ultrasound imaging in medicine course had the least adaptation (20%) with the job requirements from the perspective of graduates of bachelor degree.
These findings were similar to the results of Noor Mohammadi et al. (3). They evaluated the application of laboratory sciences courses in Shahr-e-Kord and presented that the level of curriculum application is not desirable and satisfactory and the courses of basic sciences had the least practicality and should be reviewed and become more practical. Moreover, the findings of the present study were consistent with the researches of Fadaee and his colleagues (4), Ghazanfari (18), Amini (19), and Ovcaa (20), all of which insisted on the average adaptation of courses with job requirements. Therefore, it is essential to conduct needs assessment among graduates of bachelor and associate’s degrees of radiology technology in order to review and modify the educational curriculum.
Furthermore, the findings of the present study demonstrated that there is no significance difference between the perspectives of graduates of bachelor and associate’s degrees about the basic courses, but there was difference about the main courses in accordance with the job requirements. The results are consistent with the study of Shir Jang and his colleagues (17) that presented there is a difference between the perspectives of graduates of bachelor and associate’s degrees about the content of the curriculum and its adaptation with job requirements. Therefore, it is essential to have more accurate planning for the content of the courses in order to upgrade the quality and practicality of the curriculum for the future job. The limitations of the present study was that only the viewpoint of the experts was evaluated about the adaptation of curriculum and job requirements. It is recommended to investigate all resources, including scientific and administrative documents, professionals; opinion, and scientific and technical pundits in order to provide more reliable results to make modifications and changes.
CONCLUSION
The findings of the study presented that the adaptation of the curriculum of radiography technology with job requirements is not satisfactory and desirable. Therefore, further studies are recommended to be held under the supervision of the Ministry of Health and in regard with the opinions of the experts.Moreover, in order to enhance and upgrade the quality of the curriculum and its adaptation with the job requirement, it is suggested to review the curriculum, analyze the duties of the experts and modify the course programs and the content of the courses.
|
Table 4. frequency distribution from the perspective of graduates of bachelor degree about the adaptation of specialized courses with job requirements |
||||
|
B.S. |
Specialized courses |
Application of course content |
||
|
high |
medium |
low |
||
|
Specialized language |
18(51.4) |
15(42.9) |
2(5.7) |
|
|
Medical terms in radiology |
28(80) |
6(17.1) |
1(2.9) |
|
|
Record and display the image in medicine |
21(60) |
12(34.3) |
2(5.7) |
|
|
Physics Beams |
16(45.7) |
15(42.9) |
4(11.4) |
|
|
Diagnostic radiology physics |
21(60) |
11(31.4) |
3(8.6) |
|
|
Radiographic Methods 1 |
33(94.3) |
1(2.9) |
1(2.9) |
|
|
Radiographic Methods 2 |
34(97.1) |
1(2.9) |
0 |
|
|
Radiographic Methods 3 |
34(97.1) |
1(2.9) |
0 |
|
|
Introduction to the structure and properties of contrast media in imaging |
22(62.9) |
12(34.3) |
1(2.9) |
|
|
Ultrasound imaging in medicine |
7(20) |
7(20) |
21(60) |
|
|
Special radiographic methods |
26(74.3) |
7(20) |
2(5.7) |
|
|
Ionized DZI radiation |
16(45.7) |
14(40) |
5(14.3) |
|
|
Sectional anatomy |
24(68.6) |
9(25.7) |
2(5.7) |
|
|
Physical Principles of CT Scan Systems |
17(48.6) |
13(37.1) |
5(14.3) |
|
|
Techniques and clinical aspects of computer tomography |
20(57.1) |
13(37.1) |
2(5.7) |
|
|
Radio phobia |
13(37.1) |
17(48.6) |
5(14.3) |
|
|
Evaluation of medical images 1 |
22(62.9) |
13(37.1) |
0 |
|
|
Evaluation of medical images 2 |
23(65.7) |
11(31.4) |
1(2.9) |
|
|
Physical Principles of MRI Imaging Systems |
14(40) |
15(42.9) |
6(17.1) |
|
|
Techniques and clinical aspects of MRI imaging |
19(54.3) |
13(37.1) |
3(8.6) |
|
|
Preliminary maintenance of radiological devices |
11(31.4) |
19(54.3) |
5(14.3) |
|
|
QC imaging method and QA quality control in medical imaging |
9(25.7) |
17(48.6) |
9(25.7) |
|
|
Protection against ionizing radiation |
24(68.6) |
9(25.7) |
2(5.7) |
|
|
Internship 1 |
31(88.6) |
3(8.6) |
1(2.9) |
|
|
Internship 2 |
31(88.6) |
3(8.6) |
1(2.9) |
|
|
Internship 3 |
31(88.6) |
3(8.6) |
1(2.9) |
|
|
Internship 4 |
31(88.6) |
2(5.7) |
2(5.7) |
|
|
Internship in CT Scan work field |
31(88.6) |
3(8.6) |
1(2.9) |
|
|
Internship in MRI Work field |
28(80) |
5(14.3) |
2(5.7) |
|
|
Internship in radiography methods work field |
29(82.9) |
6(17.1) |
0 |
|
|
Internship in medical sonography |
13(37.2) |
6(17.1) |
16(45.7) |
|
|
Table 5. comparing the adaption of basic and main courses from the perspective of graduates of associate degree and bachelor degree with job requirements |
||||
|
group |
Basic courses |
Main courses |
||
|
Mean ± standard deviation |
Significance |
Mean ± standard deviation |
Significance |
|
|
Associate degree graduates |
2.45±0.456 |
0.080 |
2.32±0.444 |
0.035 |
|
Bachelor graduates |
2.33±0.451 |
2.89±0.358 |
||
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thanks from Student Research Committee of Birjand University of Medical Sciences for financially support of this work under the grant number [4535], also highly appreciate EDC of the university and all of them who kindly collaborated in this work.
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